David Chalmers is famous for his delineation of "the hard problem of consciousness" - that is, the very fact that we subjectively experience anything at all. In this talk, Chalmers outlines his distinction between this hard problem and what he sees as the "easy problem" of objectively explaining how the mind and brain work. He then lays out two fresh theories of consciousness. First, he posits that consciousness might be fundamental to the universe, equal in its scope to space, time, or mass. Second, he asks whether consciousness might be universal - whether every complex system, from a flower to an orangutan might have some level of more or less developed consciousness. These are big ideas. After watching the talk, readers may want to brush up on the background. The interactive transcript offers a great way to delve deeper into the structure of the argument, as do the speaker's footnotes and the speaker's reading list.